Many crystallization processes of great importance, including frost heave, biomineralization,
the synthesis of nanomaterials, and scale formation, occur in small volumes rather than bulk …

Petra, Angkor, Copan, Venice, Lascaux, Easter Island—all are examples of irreplaceable
cultural heritage built in stone and now slowly disappearing. In 1996 the Getty Conservation …

The solution-mediated formation of calcium sulfate minerals, ie gypsum, anhydrite and
bassanite, is a common process in both natural and engineered settings. It plays a key role …

The paper analyzes the petrophysical and mechanical properties of two porous limestones
that were used in the construction and restoration works at the castle of Chambord in …

Atmospheric gases and particulate matter (PM) in contact with the material's surface lead to
chemical and physical changes, which in most cases cause degradation of the cultural …

Severe stone deterioration is evident at the Cologne cathedral. In particular, the
“Drachenfels” trachyte, which was the building material of the medieval construction period …

Weathering processes have been studied in detail for many natural building stones. The
most commonly used analytical techniques in these studies are thin-section petrography …

Owing to its long building history, different types of building stones comprised the
construction of the Cologne Cathedral. Severe damage is observed on the different stones …

A novel approach of studying dust, black crust and host limestones by using various
techniques is presented in this paper. Samples were collected from limestone monuments …

Euville and Savonnières limestones were weathered by acid test and this resulted in the
formation of a gypsum crust. In order to characterize the crystallization pattern and the …