Vascular calcification (VC), which is categorized by intimal and medial calcification,
depending on the site (s) involved within the vessel, is closely related to cardiovascular …

The bone remodelling cycle replaces old and damaged bone and is a highly regulated,
lifelong process essential for preserving bone integrity and maintaining mineral …

Cells release nanometer-scale, lipid bilayer-enclosed biomolecular packages (extracellular
vesicles; EVs) into their surrounding environment. EVs are hypothesized to be intercellular …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death in patients with chronic kidney
disease (CKD). Both conditions are rising in incidence as well as prevalence, creating poor …

Rationale: Vascular calcification, the formation of calcium phosphate crystals in the vessel
wall, is mediated by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, the underlying …

The Bioarchaeology of Metabolic Bone Disease, Second Edition is a comprehensive source
dedicated to better understanding this group of conditions that have significant …

Extracellular vesicles (EV) are small plasma membrane-derived particles released into the
extracellular space by virtually all cell types. Recently, EV have received increased interest …

Abstract Background Matrix vesicles (MVs) are released from hypertrophic chondrocytes
and from mature osteoblasts, the cells responsible for endochondral and membranous …

Recently, the biomedical field has benefited from emerging nanotechnological innovations
especially with the evolution of newer 2D nanomaterials (NMs), such as phosphorene (PN) …

Abstract Since their discovery, Black Phosphorus (BP)-based nanomaterials have received
extensive attentions in the fields of electromechanics, optics and biomedicine, due to their …