The study of individual behavioral variation, sometimes called animal personalities or
behavioral types, is now a well-established area of research in behavioral ecology and …

Domestic chickens are members of an order, Aves, which has been the focus of a revolution
in our understanding of neuroanatomical, cognitive, and social complexity. At least some …

Highlights•Aggression in adults is shaped by early life experiences and other
factors.•Dominance hierarchies limit conflict escalation and maintain social stability.• …

Survival depends on appropriate behavioural and physiological responses to danger. In
addition to active 'fight‐flight'defence responses, a passive 'freeze‐hide'response is adaptive …

Consistent behavioral differences among individuals, that is, personality, are described in
numerous species. Nevertheless, the development of behavioral consistency over ontogeny …

The world's most numerous bird, the domestic chicken, and their wild ancestor, the red
junglefowl, have long been used as model species for animal behaviour research. Recently …

Personality is essential for understanding the evolution of cooperation and conflict in
behavior. However, personality science remains disconnected from the field of social …

While there are now a number of theoretical models predicting how consistent individual
differences in behaviour may be generated and maintained, so far, there are few empirical …

Highlights•Human-made noise can disturb acoustic communication.•Aircraft noise near
airports poses an important communication problem for birds.•We found that birds increased …

Cognition is fundamental to animals' lives and an important source of phenotypic variation.
Nevertheless, research on individual variation in animal cognition is still limited. Further …