The current review and synthesis was designed to provocatively develop and evaluate the
proposition that “fear of the unknown may be a, or possibly the, fundamental fear”(Carleton …

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) reflects the perception of uncertainty as threatening,
regardless of the true probability of threat. IU is elevated in various forms of …

Recent studies have shown that avoidance behavior may become excessive and inflexible
(ie, detached from its incentive value and resistant to extinction). On the other hand …

Reward dysfunction is thought to be play a critical role in the pathogenesis of depression.
Multiple studies have linked depression to abnormal neural sensitivity to monetary rewards …

Impulsivity, which is linked to a wide range of psychiatric disorders, is often characterized by
a preference for immediate but smaller rewards over delayed but larger rewards. However …

Affective neuroscience research suggests that maturational changes in reward circuitry
during adolescence present opportunities for new learning, but likely also contribute to …

Errors are unpredictable events that have the potential to cause harm. The error-related
negativity (ERN) is the electrophysiological index of errors and has been posited to reflect …

abstract Aberrant reward processing is a cardinal feature of various forms of
psychopathology. However, recent research indicates that aberrant reward processing may …

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is the tendency to interpret ambiguous situations as
threatening and having negative consequences, resulting in feelings of distress and anxiety …

Neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience have shown that anxious individuals have
deficits in response inhibition. However, existing knowledge about the influence of trait …