The development of tools for the generation of 3D city models started almost two decades
ago. From the beginning, fully automatic reconstruction systems were envisioned to fulfil the …

The level of detail (LOD) concept of the OGC standard CityGML 2.0 is intended to
differentiate multi-scale representations of semantic 3D city models. The concept is in …

Automatic 3D extraction of building roofs from remotely sensed data is important for many
applications including city modelling. This paper proposes a new method for automatic 3D …

Many studies have been conducted to create building information models (BIMs) or city
information models (CIMs) as the digital infrastructure to support various smart city …

Some performance evaluation systems for building extraction techniques are manual in the
sense that only visual results are provided or human judgment is employed. Many …

Image spectral and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) positional information can be
related through the orthophoto generation process. Orthophotos have a uniform scale and …

To satisfy the needs of photo-realistic and ground-based representation of three-
dimensional (3D) city models for a variety of applications, significant efforts have been made …

3D building models with prototypical roofs are more valuable in many applications than 2D
building footprints. This research proposes a hybrid approach, combining the data-and …

Effective separation of buildings from trees is a major challenge in image-based automatic
building detection. This paper presents a three-step method for effective separation of …

This paper uses GeoEye-1 imagery and airborne lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) data to
map buildings and their rubble in Port-au-Prince caused by the Haiti earthquake on 12 …