Blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous
system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood. However, the presence of BBB …

Drug delivery to the brain is crucial in the treatment for central nervous system disorders.
While significant progress has been made in recent years, there are still major challenges in …

Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a powerful tool for noninvasive modulation of deep brain
activity with promising therapeutic potential for refractory epilepsy; however, tools for …

Medical microrobotics is an emerging field to revolutionize clinical applications in
diagnostics and therapeutics of various diseases. On the other hand, the mobile …

Astrocytes are essential for normal brain development and functioning. They respond to
brain injury and disease through a process referred to as reactive astrogliosis, where the …

Ultrasound enhances drug delivery into the central nervous system (CNS) by opening
barriers between the blood and CNS and by triggering release of drugs from carriers. A key …

Ultrasound is a promising technology to address challenges in drug delivery, including
limited drug penetration across physiological barriers and ineffective targeting. Here we …

In recent years, the application of microrobots in precision therapy has gained significant
attention. The small size and maneuverability of these micromachines enable them to …

Brain stimulation is a critical technique in neuroscience research and clinical application.
Traditional transcranial brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic …

Neurological diseases are a major global health challenge, affecting hundreds of millions of
people worldwide. Ultrasound therapy plays an irreplaceable role in the treatment of …