Speciation, the evolution of reproductive isolation among populations, is continuous,
complex, and involves multiple, interacting barriers. Until it is complete, the effects of this …

Most adaptive traits are controlled by large number of genes that may all together be the
targets of selection. Adaptation may thus involve multiple but not necessarily substantial …

In recent years, scientists have realized that evolution can occur on timescales much shorter
than the" long lapse of ages" emphasized by Darwin—in fact, evolutionary change is …

Species can be defined as populations that are diagnosably distinct, reproductively isolated,
cohesive, or exclusive groups of organisms. Boundaries between species in sympatry are …

The field of molecular ecology has expanded enormously in the past two decades, largely
because of the growing ease with which neutral molecular genetic data can be obtained …

Degraded DNA from suboptimal field sampling is common in molecular ecology. However,
its impact on techniques that use restriction site associated next‐generation DNA …

During speciation-with-gene-flow, effective migration varies across the genome as a function
of several factors, including proximity of selected loci, recombination rate, strength of …

Parallel speciation occurs when selection drives repeated, independent adaptive
divergence that reduces gene flow between ecotypes. Classical examples show parallel …

Background Cavefish populations belonging to the Mexican tetra species Astyanax
mexicanus are outstanding models to study the tempo and mode of adaptation to a radical …

Establishing the genetic and molecular basis underlying adaptive traits is one of the major
goals of evolutionary geneticists in order to understand the connection between genotype …