Most animals live under constant threat from predators, and predation has been a major
selective force in sha** animal behaviour. Nevertheless, defence responses against …

Anxiety disorders impose a staggering burden on public health, underscoring the need to
develop a deeper understanding of the distributed neural circuits underlying extreme fear …

It is widely thought that phasic and sustained responses to threat reflect dissociable circuits
centered on the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) and the bed nucleus of the stria …

Early‐life stress confers profound and lasting risk for develo** cognitive, social, emotional,
and physical health problems. The effects of stress on the develo** brain contribute to this …

Fear motivates different types of defensive behaviors. These behaviors are, however, not
mere byproducts of fear. In this review, we highlight a bi-directional relationship between …

Both the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) have been implicated
in maladaptive anxiety characteristics of anxiety disorders. However, the underlying circuit …

Background Our previous study indicated that treatment in multiple contexts (MC) improved
the outcome of exposure treatment by reducing return of fear. This effect was evident when …

Fear and anxiety are largely seen as separate entities, a distinction that inspires and shapes
basic and clinical research. Evidence for this distinction has a rich translational base and …

Fear conditioning has been commonly used as a model of emotional learning in animals
and, with the introduction of functional neuroimaging techniques, has proven useful in …

Background Thigmotaxis refers to a specific behavior of animals (ie, to stay close to walls
when exploring an open space). Such behavior can be assessed with the open field test …