In the rapidly evolving mountain cryosphere, snow avalanches threaten livelihoods,
settlements and infrastructure. In this Review, we analyse past and projected impacts of …

Global projections of macroeconomic climate-change damages typically consider impacts
from average annual and national temperatures over long time horizons,,,,–. Here we use …

In recent decades, the warming in the Arctic has been much faster than in the rest of the
world, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification. Numerous studies report that the Arctic …

Arctic climate change has already resulted in amplified and accelerated regional warming,
or the Arctic amplification. Satellite observations have captured this climate phenomenon in …

Arctic amplification—the amplified surface warming in the Arctic relative to the globe—is a
robust feature of climate change. However, there is a considerable spread in the reported …

Single-forcing large ensembles are a relatively new tool for quantifying the contributions of
different anthropogenic and natural forcings to the historical and future projected evolution of …

Observed range shifts of numerous species support predictions of climate change models
that species will shift their distribution northward into the Arctic and sub-Arctic seas due to …

Dust loading in West and South Asia has been a major environmental issue due to its
negative effects on air quality, food security, energy supply and public health, as well as on …

Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) has been shown in climate models to reduce some
impacts of global warming in the Arctic, including the loss of sea ice, permafrost thaw, and …

Recent studies have suggested that deep Arctic warming, extending from the surface to the
upper troposphere, could trigger mid-latitude atmospheric circulation changes, while …