Learning to predict rewards based on environmental cues is essential for survival. It is
believed that animals learn to predict rewards by updating predictions whenever the …

Brain circuits are thought to form a" cognitive map" to process and store statistical
relationships in the environment. A cognitive map is commonly defined as a mental …

Karl Lashley began the search for the engram nearly seventy years ago. In the time since,
much has been learned but divisions remain. In the contemporary neurobiology of learning …

Large language models (LLMs) are demonstrating impressive performance on many
reasoning and problem-solving tasks from cognitive psychology. When tested, their …

Reinforcement learning inspires much theorizing in neuroscience, cognitive science,
machine learning, and AI. A central question concerns the conditions that produce the …

Many comparisons involve sequentially presented stimuli, as perforce the case in
comparisons of temporal intervals. Interactions of such stimuli are as inevitable as the spatial …

Learning is commonplace in organisms such as ourselves and even in organisms as far
distant as the bee and the octopus. Such learning is implemented by brains, or neuronal …

Contemporary theories guiding the search for neural mechanisms of learning and memory
assume that associative learning results from the temporal pairing of cues and reinforcers …

Animals routinely learn to associate environmental stimuli and self-generated actions with
their outcomes such as rewards. One of the most popular theoretical models of such …

Recent advances in neuroscience and psychology show that the brain has access to
timelines of both the past and the future. Spiking across populations of neurons in many …