Ischemic stroke is caused primarily by an interruption in cerebral blood flow, which induces
severe neural injuries, and is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide …

Excitotoxicity, the specific type of neurotoxicity mediated by glutamate, may be the missing
link between ischemia and neuronal death, and intervening the mechanistic steps that lead …

Background Cancer cells selectively promote the translation of oncogenic transcripts to
stimulate cancer progression. Although growing evidence has revealed that tRNA …

Extracellular vesicles play crucial roles in intercellular communication in the tumor
microenvironment. Here we demonstrate that in hepatic fibrosis, TGF-β stimulates the …

Protein kinase B (Akt), similar to many other protein kinases, is at the crossroads of cell
death and survival, playing a pivotal role in multiple interconnected cell signaling …

Inhibitory signals through the PD-1 pathway regulate T cell activation, T cell tolerance, and T
cell exhaustion. Studies of PD-1 function have focused primarily on effector T cells. Far less …

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is emerging as a leading cause of chronic liver
disease. However, therapeutic options are limited by incomplete understanding of the …

Harnessing the potential beneficial effects of kinase signalling through the generation of
direct kinase activators remains an underexplored area of drug development,,,–. This also …

An excess of glucocorticoids (GCs) is reported to be one of the most common causes of
osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). In addition, GCs can induce bone cell apoptosis …

Lysosomes have fundamental physiological roles and have previously been implicated in
Parkinson's disease,,,–. However, how extracellular growth factors communicate with …