We review economics research regarding the effect of police, punishments, and work on
crime, with a particular focus on papers from the last twenty years. Evidence in favor of …

The interplay of sanctions, perceptions, and crime has special significance in criminology
and is central to a long tradition of perceptual deterrence research as well as to more recent …

The evidence in support of the deterrent effect of the certainty of punishment is far more
consistent than that for the severity of punishment. However, the evidence in support of …

Proactive policing, the strategic targeting of people or places to prevent crimes, is a well-
studied tactic that is ubiquitous in modern law enforcement. A 2017 National Academies of …

Objectives This paper offers novel experimental evidence that violent crimes can be
successfully reduced by changing the situational environment that potential victims and …

Objectives A survey of empirical research concerning the determinants of an individual's
perceptions of the risk of formal sanctions as a consequence of criminal behavior. The …

Social media posts incorporate real-time information that has, elsewhere, been exploited to
predict social trends. This paper considers whether such information can be useful in …

Objectives To determine whether crime-reduction effects of increased police patrols in hot
spots are dependent on the “hard” threat of immediate physical arrest, or whether “soft” …

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the framing of the emergency response to
the novel coronavirus (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]; severe acute respiratory …

We build upon previous reviews of the police effectiveness literature to categorize strategies
and tactics based on what police should and should not be doing. We also provide relevant …