The concept of 'idiopathic'Parkinson's disease (PD) as a single entity has been challenged
with the identification of several clinical subtypes, pathogenic genes and putative causative …

Cell-replacement therapies have long been an attractive prospect for treating Parkinson
disease. However, the outcomes of fetal tissue-derived cell transplants in individuals with …

Cell replacement therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD) based on transplantation of
pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons are now entering clinical trials. Here, we …

Ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons project to the striatum as well as the cortex and are
involved in movement control and reward-related cognition. In Parkinson's disease …

Modeling Parkinson's disease (PD) using advanced experimental in vitro models is a
powerful tool to study disease mechanisms and to elucidate unexplored aspects of this …

Human pluripotent stem cells have emerged as a promising in vitro model system for
studying the brain. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell culture paradigms have …

Three-dimensional brain organoids have emerged as a valuable model system for studies of
human brain development and pathology. Here we establish a midbrain organoid culture …

The genetic mechanisms underlying the expansion in size and complexity of the human
brain remain poorly understood. Long interspersed nuclear element–1 (L1) …

Cell replacement is a long-standing and realistic goal for the treatment of Parkinsonʼs
disease (PD). Cells for transplantation can be obtained from fetal brain tissue or from stem …

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid modification enables the generation of recombinant
vectors with tailored properties and tropism. Most approaches to date depend on random …