In arbitrary dimension, in the discrete setting of finite-differences we prove a Carleman
estimate for a semi-discrete parabolic operator, in which the large parameter is connected to …

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) deliver cargo destined for degradation to the vacuole or
lysosome. The ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) pathway is a key …

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health threat, killing nearly 2 million individuals around
this globe, annually. The only vaccine, developed almost a century ago, provides limited …

A new aspect of cell membrane structure is presented, based on the dynamic clustering of
sphingolipids and cholesterol to form rafts that move within the fluid bilayer. It is proposed …

Small GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) exist in eukaryotes from yeast to human and
constitute a superfamily consisting of more than 100 members. This superfamily is …

Recombinant v-and t-SNARE proteins reconstituted into separate lipid bilayer vesicles
assemble into SNAREpins—SNARE complexes linking two membranes. This leads to …

The resurgence of tuberculosis worldwide has intensified research efforts directed at
examining the host defense and pathogenic mechanisms operative in Mycobacterium …

Fig 2. Classification of granules in neutrophils. Peroxidase-positive (azurophilic or primary)
granules are characterized by the content of MPO and may be further divided based on their …

Abstract Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a critical regulator of the inflammatory response. IL-1β is not
secreted through the conventional ER–Golgi route of protein secretion, and to date its …

Biological membranes exhibit various function-related shapes, and the mechanism by which
these shapes are created is largely unclear. Here, we classify possible curvature-generating …