Complex organisms have evolved from a limited number of primordial genes and proteins.
However, the mechanisms by which the earliest proteins evolved and then served as the …

The complexity of life boils down to the definition:“self-sustained chemical system capable of
undergoing Darwinian evolution”(Joyce, 1994)[1]. The term “self-sustained” implies a set of …

Amino acid composition of proteins varies substantially between taxa and, thus, can evolve.
For example, proteins from organisms with (G+ C)-rich (or (A+ T)-rich) genomes contain …

Abstract Temporal order (“chronology”) of appearance of amino acids and their respective
codons on evolutionary scene is reconstructed. A consensus chronology of amino acids is …

Scorpion venom is a complex mixture of salts, small molecules, peptides, and proteins.
Scorpions employ this valuable tool in several sophisticated ways for subduing prey …

Moonlighting genes encode for single polypeptide molecules that perform multiple and often
unrelated functions. These genes occur across all domains of life. Their ubiquity and …

Protein space is characterized by extensive recurrence, or “reuse,” of parts, suggesting that
new proteins and domains can evolve by mixing-and-matching of existing segments. From …

Rossmann folds are ancient, frequently diverged domains found in many biological reaction
pathways where they have adapted for different functions. Consequently, discernment and …

The tension between CO 2 dissolved at relatively high atmospheric pressure in the Hadean
ocean, and H 2 generated as ocean water oxidized ferrous iron during convection in the …

Since nucleic acids and proteins of unicellular prokaryotes are directly exposed to extreme
environmental conditions, it is possible to explore the genomic-proteomic compositional …