Since its development about 40 years ago (1981–2021), Morris water maze has turned into
a very popular tool for assessing spatial learning and memory. Its many advantages have …

Alzheimer's disease is one of the most common causes of mental deterioration in elderly
people, accounting for around 50%-60% of the overall cases of dementia among persons …

▪ Abstract The organization and possible functions of basal forebrain and pontine cholinergic
systems are reviewed. Whereas the basal forebrain cholinergic neuronal projections likely …

Several theories claim that dreaming is a random by-product of REM sleep physiology and
that it does not serve any natural function. Phenomenal dream content, however, is not as …

We present a new model for the generation of theta rhythm of the hippocampus. We propose
that theta at CA1 involves extracellular current fluxes produced by alternating depolarizing …

The cholinergic hypothesis claims that the decline in cognitive functions in dementia is
predominantly related to a decrease in cholinergic neurotransmission. This hypothesis has …

In this review first we evaluate evidence on the role of the neurobiological alterations
induced by chronic ethanol consumption in the development of ethanol tolerance …

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are widely expressed in the CNS where they
control a variety of neuronal functions. Due to their roles in a number of CNS processes …

Extensive evidence supports the view that cholinergic mechanisms modulate learning and
memory formation. This paper reviews evidence for cholinergic regulation of multiple …

Neuromodulators including acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine and a range
of peptides alter the processing characteristics of cortical networks through effects on …