On exposed rocky shores in northwestern Spain there is a striking polymorphism of Littorina
saxatilis that has been claimed as an example of a putative sympatric ecological speciation …

Morphometric analysis of biogenic recording structures within marine organisms has
applications in stock assessment, taxonomics, and ecomorphological studies, with shape …

Parallel evolution of similar phenotypes provides strong evidence for the operation of natural
selection. Where these phenotypes contribute to reproductive isolation, they further support …

Parallel speciation occurs when selection drives repeated, independent adaptive
divergence that reduces gene flow between ecotypes. Classical examples show parallel …

Quantitative genetics is the study of continuously varying traits which make up the majority of
biological attributes of evolutionary and commercial interest. This book provides a much …

We present a detailed review of 269 published studies using Littorina species in the field of
evolutionary ecology during the last 18 years. We first identify the reasons for the special …

Biometric analyses are useful tools for the study of organisms, their phylogenetic affiliation,
and the pattern and rate of their evolution. Various morphometric techniques have been …

The present Mediterranean molluscan biodiversity, comprising more than 2,000 species,
was shaped by the multiple events connected with the geodynamic and climatic evolution of …

Parallel speciation can occur when traits determining reproductive isolation evolve
independently in different populations that experience a similar range of environments …

The high intertidal zone is home to an incredible variety of marine animals, as it offers an
escape from low intertidal/subtidal predation and competition, among other advantages …