We identify three types of attack on the intellectual property contained in software and three
corresponding technical defenses. A defense against reverse engineering is obfuscation, a …

Recently, stealing highly-valuable and large-scale deep neural network (DNN) models
becomes pervasive. The stolen models may be re-commercialized, eg, deployed in …

In this paper, we present a brief survey on software watermarking methods that explains the
prospects and constraints of most software watermarking algorithms. We introduce a …

A software birthmark is a unique characteristic of a program that can be used as a software
theft detection technique. In this paper we present and empirically evaluate a novel …

We describe a novel software verification primitive called Oblivious Hashing. Unlike
previous techniques that mainly verify the static shape of code, this primitive allows implicit …

Software watermarking is a tool used to combat software piracy by embedding identifying
information into a program. Most existing proposals for software watermarking have the …

Sandmark is a tool that measures the effectiveness of software-based methods for protecting
software from piracy, tampering, and reverse engineering. The Sandmark team's goal is to …

The concept of software birthmark is developed for the detection of theft and piracy in
software applications. The originality of software can be evaluated by comparing software …

In this paper, we present a method for watermarking Java programs that uses opaque
predicates, improving upon those presented in two previous papers [13, 9]. We present two …

We introduce novel techniques for organizing the indexing structures of how data is stored
so that alterations from an original version can be detected and the changed values …