For more than 30 years, the association between the Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna
scolopes, and the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri has been studied as a model …

Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) are traditionally known to sense microbial molecules
during infection to initiate inflammatory responses. However, ligands for PRRs are not …

Peptidoglycan (PG) is an essential molecule for the survival of bacteria, and thus, its
biosynthesis and remodeling have always been in the spotlight when it comes to the …

All animals, including humans, live in symbiotic association with microorganisms. The
immune system accommodates host colonization by the microbiota, maintains microbiota …

The Toll receptor was initially identified in Drosophila melanogaster for its role in embryonic
development. Subsequently, D. melanogaster Toll and mammalian Toll-like receptors …

Symbiotic bacteria are important in animal hosts, but have been largely overlooked as they
have proved difficult to culture in the laboratory. Approaches such as comparative genomics …

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are innate immunity molecules that are present
in most invertebrate and vertebrate animals. All PGRPs function in antimicrobial defence …

Insect Symbiosis summarizes the current knowledge of the relationship between symbiotic
organisms and their insect hosts and provides an unparalleled analysis of cutting-edge …

Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus bacteria colonize the intestines of the infective soil‐
dwelling stage of entomophagous nematodes, Heterorhabditis and Steinernema …

The study of molluscan immune systems, in particular those of bivalve molluscs (eg, clams,
oysters, scallops, mussels), has experienced great growth in recent decades, mainly due to …