In eukaryotic cells, ATP generation is generally viewed as the primary function of
mitochondria under normoxic conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), in contrast, are …

In multicellular organisms, cell death is a critical and active process that maintains tissue
homeostasis and eliminates potentially harmful cells. There are three major types of …

We are now near the top of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, at the point before the
mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilizes to release proteins such as cytochrome c into …

The PI3K/Akt pathway plays a crucial role in the survival, proliferation, and migration of
macrophages, which may impact the development of atherosclerosis. Changes in Akt …

Akt (also known as protein kinase B or PKB) comprises three closely related isoforms Akt1,
Akt2 and Akt3 (or PKBα/β/γ respectively). We have a very good understanding of the …

The serine/threonine kinase Akt, also known as protein kinase B (PKB), is a central node in
cell signaling downstream of growth factors, cytokines, and other cellular stimuli. Aberrant …

Recent research has examined Akt and Akt-related serine–threonine kinases in signaling
cascades that regulate cell survival and are important in the pathogenesis of degenerative …

Traditional Chinese medicines have been recently recognized as a new source of
anticancer drugs and new chemotherapy adjuvant to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy …

Cancer cells generally exhibit increased glycolysis for ATP generation (the Warburg effect)
due in part to mitochondrial respiration injury and hypoxia, which are frequently associated …

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for the degradation of cellular
components in the cytoplasm, and serves as a cell survival mechanism in starving cells …