Abstract Mu-Opioid Receptors (MORs) are well-known for participating in analgesia,
sedation, drug addiction, and other physiological functions. Although MORs have been …

Opioids continue to be of use for the treatment of pain. Most clinically used analgesics target
the μ opioid receptor whose activation results in adverse effects like respiratory depression …

Background Chronic alcohol exposure (CAE) during late adolescence increases the risk of
anxiety development. Alcohol-induced prefrontal cortex (PFC) microglial activation …

Microglia participates in the modulation of pain signaling. The activation of microglia is
suggested to play an important role in affective disorders that are related to a dysfunction of …

Ethanol exposure to the fetus during pregnancy can result in fetal alcohol spectrum
disorders (FASD). These disorders vary in severity, can affect multiple organ systems, and …

Microglia, a type of CNS immune cell, have been shown to contribute to ethanol-activated
neuronal death of the stress regulatory proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neuron-producing β …

Coincident with the opioid epidemic in the United States has been a dramatic increase in the
number of children born with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), a form of withdrawal …

Tolerance to the analgesic effects of opioids is a major problem in chronic pain
management. Microglia are implicated in opioid tolerance, but the core mechanisms …

Neuroinflammation is a cause of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum
disorders, fetal alcohol syndrome, and cerebral palsy. Converging lines of evidence from …

Growing evidence has shown that developmental alcohol exposure induces central nervous
system inflammation and microglia activation, which may contribute to long-term health …