Abstract Background The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries are rapidly
growing in population with very limited access to freshwater resources. To overcome this …

Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination has become a prominent desalination method for fresh-
water production from either saline seawater or brackish water to meet the ever-growing …

Water plays an important role in all our day to day activities and its consumption is
increasing day by day because of increased living standards of mankind. Some regions of …

Water scarcity poses significant challenges in arid regions like the Middle East and North
Africa (MENA) due to constant population growth, considering the effects of climate change …

Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas have been used as the major sources
of energy in the recent past. However, the negative environmental impacts associated with …

The water needs of the inhabitants of Saudi Arabia are met by desalination powered by
electricity generated from fossil fuel. Excessive burning of fossil fuels results in faster …

Due to current water stress, there is a problem with hygiene and sanitation in many parts of
the world. According to predictions from the United Nations, more than 2.7 billion people will …

The growing scarcity of freshwater is driving the implementation of desalination on an
increasingly large scale. However, the energy required to run desalination plants remains a …

Over-exploited fresh water resources, fossil-fuel depletion and climate change all highlight
need for desalination powered by renewable energy. This study briefly reviews literature on …

In the present framework, desalination, as an energy-intensive industry, has garnered
increased attention due to the imperative need for reducing energy consumption. In this …