Synthetic DNA is of increasing demand across many sectors of research and commercial
activities. Engineering biology, therapy, data storage and nanotechnology are set for rapid …

Recent years have seen substantial efforts aimed at constructing artificial cells from various
molecular components with the aim of mimicking the processes, behaviours and …

The ultimate microscope, directed at a cell, would reveal the dynamics of all the cell's
components with atomic resolution. In contrast to their real-world counterparts …

Cell-free gene expression (CFE) emerged as an alternative approach to living cells for
specific applications in protein synthesis and labelling for structural biology and proteomics …

Reverse genetics has been an indispensable tool to gain insights into viral pathogenesis
and vaccine development. The genomes of large RNA viruses, such as those from …

Nature uses 64 codons to encode the synthesis of proteins from the genome, and chooses 1
sense codon—out of up to 6 synonyms—to encode each amino acid. Synonymous codon …

Mankind has recognized the value of land plants as renewable sources of food, medicine,
and materials for millennia. Throughout human history, agricultural methods were …

Harnessing the process of natural selection to obtain and understand new microbial
phenotypes has become increasingly possible due to advances in culturing techniques …

Bacteria are one of the main groups of organisms, which dynamically and closely participate
in human health and disease development. With the integration of chemical biotechnology …

Recent advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy have once again raised the hope
that a cure might be within reach for many cancer types. Yet, most late-stage cancers are …