The view that substance addiction is a brain disease, although widely accepted in the
neuroscience community, has become subject to acerbic criticism in recent years. These …

Critical features of human addiction are increasingly being incorporated into complementary
animal models, including escalation of drug intake, punished drug seeking and taking …

The nucleus accumbens is a major input structure of the basal ganglia and integrates
information from cortical and limbic structures to mediate goal-directed behaviors. Chronic …

Addiction treatment has not been appreciably improved by neuroscientific research. One
problem is that mechanistic studies using rodent models do not incorporate volitional social …

Relapse to drug use during abstinence is a defining feature of addiction. During the last
several decades, this clinical scenario has been studied at the preclinical level using classic …

Although it is challenging for individuals with cocaine addiction to achieve abstinence, the
greatest difficulty is avoiding relapse to drug taking, which is often triggered by cues …

A widely held dogma in the preclinical addiction field is that females are more vulnerable
than males to drug craving and relapse. Here, we first review clinical studies on sex …

Research on the neural substrates of drug reward, withdrawal and relapse has yet to be
translated into significant advances in the treatment of addiction. One potential reason is that …

High rates of relapse to drug use during abstinence is a defining feature of human drug
addiction. This clinical scenario has been studied at the preclinical level using different …

Social reinforcement-based treatments are effective for many, but not all, people with
addictions to drugs. We recently developed an operant rat model that mimics features of one …