The study of individual behavioral variation, sometimes called animal personalities or
behavioral types, is now a well-established area of research in behavioral ecology and …

Ecotourism originated in the 1980s, at the dawn of sustainable development, as a way to
channel tourism revenues into conservation and development. Despite the “win-win” idea …

Apex predators such as large carnivores can have cascading, landscape‐scale impacts
across wildlife communities, which could result largely from the fear they inspire, although …

A growing body of literature has documented myriad effects of human activities on animal
behaviour, yet the ultimate ecological consequences of these behavioural shifts remain …

Simple Summary Research has shown that an animal's welfare is highly dependent on how
various individual animal factors (eg, species traits, genetics, temperament and previous …

Interest in the direct interactions between individual people and nature has grown rapidly.
This attention encompasses multiple academic disciplines and practical perspectives. A …

With the increasing attention and awareness of the ecological environment, ecotourism is
becoming ever more popular, but it still brings problems and challenges to the sustainable …

Predation risk, the probability that a prey animal will be killed by a predator, is fundamental
to theoretical and applied ecology. Predation risk varies with animal behavior and …

The direct interactions between people and nature are critically important in many ways, with
growing attention particularly on their impacts on human health and wellbeing (both positive …

Human–wildlife interactions, including human–wildlife conflict, are increasingly common as
expanding urbanization worldwide creates more opportunities for people to encounter …