KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancer. In addition to holding this
distinction, unsuccessful attempts to target this protein have led to the characterization of …

The discovery that a subset of human tumours is dependent on mutationally deregulated
BRAF kinase intensified the development of RAF inhibitors to be used as potential …

The RAF family of kinases includes key activators of the pro-tumourigenic mitogen-activated
protein kinase pathway. Hyperactivation of RAF proteins, particularly BRAF and CRAF …

Ras proteins play a major role in human cancers but have not yielded to therapeutic attack.
Ras-driven cancers are among the most difficult to treat and often excluded from therapies …

The identification of driver oncogenes has provided important targets for drugs that can
change the landscape of cancer therapies. One such example is the BRAF oncogene, which …

RAF kinase inhibitors have substantial therapeutic effects in patients with BRAF-mutant
melanoma. However, only rarely do tumors regress completely, and the therapeutic effects …

RAS proteins are small GTPases known for their involvement in oncogenesis: around 25%
of human tumors present mutations in a member of this family. RAS operates in a complex …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases comprise a family of ubiquitous proline-directed,
protein-serine/threonine kinases, which participate in signal transduction pathways that …

Although the roots of Ras sprouted from the rich history of retrovirus research, it was the
discovery of mutationally activated RAS genes in human cancer in 1982 that stimulated an …

From the pioneering work with acute transforming retroviruses to the current post-genomic
era, RAS genes have always been at the leading edge of signal transduction and molecular …