Abstract 4D printing refers to single-material or multi-material printing of a device or object
that can be transformed from a 1D strand into pre-programed 3D shape, from a 2D surface …

Abstract 3D printing alias additive manufacturing can transform 3D virtual models created by
computer-aided design (CAD) into physical 3D objects in a layer-by-layer manner …

The encapsulation of cells within gel‐phase materials to form bioinks offers distinct
advantages for next‐generation 3D bioprinting. 3D bioprinting has emerged as a promising …

Abstract 3D-printed orthopaedic devices and surgical tools, printed maxillofacial implants
and other printed acellular devices have been used in patients. By contrast, bioprinted living …

Abstract 4D printing has attracted tremendous interest since its first conceptualization in
2013. 4D printing derived from the fast growth and interdisciplinary research of smart …

The rapid development of 3D printing has led to considerable progress in the field of
biomedical engineering. Notably, 4D printing provides a potential strategy to achieve a time …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting strategies use computer-aided processes to
enable automated simultaneous spatial patterning of cells and/or biomaterials. These …

The native tissues are complex structures consisting of different cell types, extracellular
matrix materials, and biomolecules. Traditional tissue engineering strategies have not been …

BACKGROUND Hydrogels are formed through the cross-linking of hydrophilic polymer
chains within an aqueous microenvironment. The gelation can be achieved through a …

Bioprinting techniques have been flourishing in the field of biofabrication with pronounced
and exponential developments in the past years. Novel biomaterial inks used for the …