Coastal systems are sensitive to direct and indirect impacts of climate change.
Approximately 90% of all coastal areas will be affected by climate change to varying …

Extreme weather events (EWEs; for example, heatwaves, cold spells, storms, floods and
droughts) and non-native species invasions are two major threats to global biodiversity and …

Mangrove ecosystems in the Caribbean are frequently exposed to hurricanes, leading to
structural and regenerative change that elicit calls for recovery action. For those mangroves …

Terrestrial vegetation productivity or gross primary productivity (GPP) is the main driver of
the land carbon sink, and frequent and severe droughts largely affect the interannual …

Oceanic storms can strongly disturb the physical and biogeochemical conditions of
transitional coastal waters. Impacts of extreme oceanic storms on coastal ecosystems have …

Abstract The North Atlantic Basin (NAB) has seen an increase in the frequency and intensity
of tropical cyclones since the 1980s, with record-breaking seasons in 2017 and 2020 …

Food webs are complex ecological networks that reveal species interactions and energy
flow in ecosystems. Prevailing ecological knowledge on forested streams suggests that their …

Seagrasses are long-lived, clonal plants that can integrate fluctuations in environmental
conditions over a range of temporal scales, from days to years, and can act as barometers of …

Coastal ecosystems provide a range of services including erosion prevention, clean water
provision and carbon sequestration. With climate change, the rapid change in frequency and …

Here, the Copernicus Ocean State Report offers detailed scientific analysis of the ocean
under climate change, ocean variability, and ocean extremes. This evidence-based …