This book about various types of visual defense (coloration, morphology, movement) of
plants against herbivores is not just a list of facts and hypotheses, with a reference source …

Many plant species have evolved defense traits against herbivores. Associational effects
(AEs) refer to a kind of apparent interaction where the herbivory risk to a focal plant species …

Herbivores can damage plant productivity and fitness because plants have improved
defense mechanisms such as physical barriers, association with other organisms such as …

The majority of organismal phenomena show functional significance in the context of natural
environments. However, we know little about how dynamic gene expression is controlled …

Neighboring plants can decrease or increase each other's likelihood of damage from
herbivores through associational resistance or susceptibility, respectively. Associational …

Associational effects, that is, the influence of neighboring plants on herbivory suffered by a
plant, are an outcome of forage selection. Although forage selection is a hierarchical …

Natural plant populations exhibit genetic variation in defense traits against herbivores.
Despite a growing body of evidence for herbivore-mediated selection on plant defenses, we …

Many species of plants and animals exhibit polymorphism for defensive traits. Adaptive
foraging by natural enemies has long been hypothesized to maintain such polymorphism …

The susceptibility of plants to herbivores can be strongly influenced by the identity,
morphology and palatability of neighboring plants. While the defensive traits of neighbors …

Geographic variation is commonly observed in plant resistance traits, where plant species
might experience different selection pressure across a heterogeneous landscape …