We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Radiocarbon dating uses the decay of a radioactive isotope of carbon (14C) to measure time
and date objects containing carbon-bearing material. With a half-life of 5,700±30 years …

Climate changes across the past 24,000 years provide key insights into Earth system
responses to external forcing. Climate model simulations, and proxy data,,,,–have …

The concentration of radiocarbon (14C) differs between ocean and atmosphere.
Radiocarbon determinations from samples which obtained their 14C in the marine …

Early researchers of radiocarbon levels in Southern Hemisphere tree rings identified a
variable North-South hemispheric offset, necessitating construction of a separate …

Proxy reconstructions from marine sediment cores indicate peak temperatures in the first half
of the last and current interglacial periods (the thermal maxima of the Holocene epoch …

We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the
1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the …

The response of mangroves to high rates of relative sea level rise (RSLR) is poorly
understood. We explore the limits of mangrove vertical accretion to sustained periods of …

Abstract In European and many African, Middle Eastern and southern Asian populations,
lactase persistence (LP) is the most strongly selected monogenic trait to have evolved over …

Bayesian models have proved very powerful in analyzing large datasets of radiocarbon
(14C) measurements from specific sites and in regional cultural or political models. These …