This article provides a synthesis of the latest observational trends and projections for the
future of the Arctic. First, the Arctic is already changing rapidly as a result of climate change …

As one of the brightest natural surfaces on Earth, the darkening of snow by light-absorbing
particles (LAPs)—dust, black carbon or microbial growth—can trigger albedo feedbacks and …

Ice loss from the Greenland ice sheet is one of the largest sources of contemporary sea-level
rise (SLR). While process-based models place timescales on Greenland's deglaciation, their …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

We evaluate modelled Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) near-surface climate, surface energy
balance (SEB) and surface mass balance (SMB) from the updated regional climate model …

In recent decades, the land-ocean aquatic continuum, commonly defined as the interface, or
transition zone, between terrestrial ecosystems and the open ocean, has undergone …

The variability of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets occurs on various timescales and is
important for projections of sea level rise; however, there are substantial uncertainties …

Surface mass balance (SMB) provides mass input to the surface of the Antarctic and
Greenland Ice Sheets and therefore comprises an important control on ice sheet mass …

The cycling of carbon on Earth exerts a fundamental influence upon the greenhouse gas
content of the atmosphere, and hence global climate over millennia. Until recently, ice …

Snow or glacial algae are found on all continents, and most species are in the
Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta) and Zygnematales (Streptophyta). Other algal groups …