More than any other cytokine family, the interleukin (IL)-1 family is closely linked to the
innate immune response. This linkage became evident upon the discovery that the …

Abstract Interleukin (IL)-1 was first cloned in the 1980s, and rapidly emerged as a key player
in the regulation of inflammatory processes. The term IL-1 refers to two cytokines, IL-1α and …

The fibrillar peptide amyloid-β (Aβ) has a chief function in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's
disease. Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) is a key cytokine in the inflammatory response to Aβ …

For many years, the interleukin-1 receptor family member ST2 was an orphan receptor that
was studied in the context of inflammatory and autoimmune disease. However, in 2005, a …

Stress decreases neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus, and blockade of this effect is
required for the actions of antidepressants in behavioral models of depression. However, the …

The Toll receptor was initially identified in Drosophila melanogaster for its role in embryonic
development. Subsequently, D. melanogaster Toll and mammalian Toll-like receptors …

The IL-1 family of cytokines encompasses eleven proteins that each share a similar-barrel
structure and bind to Ig-like receptors. Some of the IL-1-like cytokines have been well …

Islets of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) display features of an inflammatory
process including elevated levels of the cytokine IL-1β, various chemokines, and …

Pain normally subserves a vital role in the survival of the organism, prompting the avoidance
of situations associated with tissue damage. However, the sensation of pain can become …

Cephalochordates, urochordates, and vertebrates evolved from a common ancestor over
520 million years ago. To improve our understanding of chordate evolution and the origin of …