The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key player in the control of the cardiovascular
system and hydroelectrolyte balance, with an influence on organs and functions throughout …

The smooth muscle cell directly drives the contraction of the vascular wall and hence
regulates the size of the blood vessel lumen. We review here the current understanding of …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19)
appears to have a higher mortality rate in presence of comorbidities and in men. The latter …

Biological sex is increasingly recognized as a critical determinant of health and disease,
particularly relevant to the topical COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 …

Recent advances have improved our understanding of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS).
These have included the recognition that angiotensin (A ng)‐(1‐7) is a biologically active …

Data from animal experiments and clinical investigations suggest that components of the
renin-angiotensin system are markedly affected by sex hormones. However, whether …

More men than women have died from COVID-19. Genes encoded on X chromosomes, and
sex hormones may explain the decreased fatality of COVID-19 in women. The angiotensin …

Sex differences between women and men are often overlooked and underappreciated when
studying the cardiovascular system. It has been long assumed that men and women are …

Objectives Comorbidities have significant indications for the disease outcome of COVID-19,
however which underlying diseases that contribute the most to aggravate the conditions of …

In recent years, the interest in studying the impact of sex steroids and gender on the
regulation of blood pressure and cardiovascular disease has been growing. Women are …