The immune system consists of various cells, organs, and processes that interact in a
sophisticated manner to defend against pathogens. Upon initial exposure to an invader …

The intracellular viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens evade the host immune challenges to
propagate and cause fatal diseases. The microbes overpower host immunity at various …

Macrophages play a pivotal role as host cells for Leishmania parasites, displaying a notable
functional adaptability ranging from the proinflammatory, leishmanicidal M1 phenotype to …

Chagas disease predominantly affects the heart, esophagus, and colon in its chronic phase.
However, the precise infection mechanisms of the causal agent Trypanosoma cruzi in these …

The intracellular parasite Leishmania mexicana inhibits camptothecin (CPT)‐induced
apoptosis of monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (moDC) through the down‐regulation of p38 …

Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused mainly by Leishmania major (L. major) is one of the
trending models used to investigate induced hyperalgesia and the involved cytokines …

In the present study, we screened 502 natural product compounds against the in vitro growth
of Babesia (B.) bovis. Then, the novel and potent identified compounds were further …

Leishmaniasis is a group of tropical infectious diseases that are often overlooked. And
hence is now listed as Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) under WHO. It is prevalent in 88 …

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which can infect
humans through oocysts or undercooked meat. It can cause varying symptoms, including …

Recent studies proposed that mammalian cell lines with slower growth rates were infected
more efficiently by Trypanosoma cruzi, and that cell-to-cell transmission could be occurring …