Recent wildfire outbreaks around the world have prompted concern that climate change is
increasing fire incidence, threatening human livelihood and biodiversity, and perpetuating …

Many research questions in Earth and environmental sciences are inherently causal,
requiring robust analyses to establish whether and how changes in one variable cause …

Flash droughts have occurred frequently worldwide, with a rapid onset that challenges
drought monitoring and forecasting capabilities. However, there is no consensus on whether …

General circulation models (GCMs) are the foundation of weather and climate prediction,.
GCMs are physics-based simulators that combine a numerical solver for large-scale …

In recent decades, the warming in the Arctic has been much faster than in the rest of the
world, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification. Numerous studies report that the Arctic …

Green water—terrestrial precipitation, evaporation and soil moisture—is fundamental to
Earth system dynamics and is now extensively perturbed by human pressures at continental …

Climate simulations: recognize the ‘hot model’ problem Skip to main content Thank you for
visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the …

Increases in concurrent climate extremes in different parts of the world threaten the
ecosystem and our society. However, spatial patterns of these extremes and their past and …

Eastern Africa exhibits bimodal rainfall consisting of long rains (March–May) and short rains
(October–December), changes in which have profound socioeconomic and environmental …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …