2, 5-Diketopiperazines (2, 5-DKPs) are cyclodipeptides obtained by the condensation of two
α-amino acids. They not only abound in nature but are often produced as degradation …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes secondary biochemical changes that contribute to
subsequent tissue damage and associated neuronal cell death. Neuroprotective treatments …

Within the canonical repertoire of the amino acid involved in protein biogenesis, proline
plays a unique role as an amino acid presenting a modified backbone rather than a side …

Anthocyanins, a class of water soluble flavonoids extracted from plants like berries and
soybean seed, have been shown to display obvious anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces secondary biochemical changes that contribute to
delayed neuroinflammation, neuronal cell death, and neurological dysfunction. Attenuating …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite
extensive preclinical research supporting the effectiveness of neuroprotective therapies for …

Diketopiperazines (2, 5-DKPs) have been found to occur in a wide range of food and
beverages, and display an array of chemesthetic effects (bitter, astringent, metallic, and …

Background: Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) function is impaired in Parkinson disease.
Cyclic glycine-proline (cGP), a metabolite of IGF-1, is neuroprotective through improving IGF …

Background Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) refers to a brief episode of exposure
to potential adverse stimulation and prevents injury during subsequent exposure. RIPC has …

2, 5-diketopiperazines are the simplest cyclic peptides found in nature, commonly
biosynthesized from amino acids by different organisms, and represent a promising class of …