Blue carbon ecosystems (BCEs), including mangrove forests, seagrass meadows and tidal
marshes, store carbon and provide co-benefits such as coastal protection and fisheries …

Coastal zones, the world's most densely populated regions, are increasingly threatened by
climate change stressors—rising and warming seas, intensifying storms and droughts, and …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

Coastal wetlands are not only among the world's most valued ecosystems but also among
the most threatened by high greenhouse gas emissions that lead to accelerated sea level …

Tropicalization is a term used to describe the transformation of temperate ecosystems by
poleward‐moving tropical organisms in response to warming temperatures. In North …

Part 1 of this review synthesizes recent research on status and climate vulnerability of
freshwater and saltwater wetlands, and their contribution to addressing climate change …

We used a first-of-its-kind comprehensive scenario approach to evaluate both the vertical
and horizontal response of tidal wetlands to projected changes in the rate of sea-level rise …

Ghost forests created by the submergence of low-lying land are one of the most striking
indicators of climate change along the Atlantic coast of North America. Although dead trees …

The response of coastal wetlands to sea-level rise during the twenty-first century remains
uncertain. Global-scale projections suggest that between 20 and 90 per cent (for low and …

Climate change is driving a fundamental reorganization of the coastal zone, in which carbon-
rich ecosystems are simultaneously migrating, accreting and submerging. In this Review, we …