Carbonatites are igneous rocks formed in the crust by fractional crystallization of carbonate-
rich parental melts that are mostly mantle derived. They dominantly consist of carbonate …

A hidden carbon cycle exists inside Earth. Every year, megatons of carbon disappear into
subduction zones, affecting atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen over Earth's history …

Concealed deep beneath the oceans is a carbon conveyor belt, propelled by plate tectonics.
Our understanding of its modern functioning is underpinned by direct observations, but its …

Carbon Dioxide removal from air (CDR) combined with permanent solid storage can be
accomplished via carbon mineralization in ultramafic rocks in at least four ways: 1. Surficial …

The Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO) from~ 17 to 14 million years ago (Ma) represents an
enigmatic reversal in Cenozoic cooling. A synthesis of marine paleotemperature records …

Although deep carbon recycling plays an important role in the atmospheric CO2 budget and
climate changes through geological time, the precise mechanisms remain poorly …

The Hadean eon, following the global-scale melting of the mantle,–, is expected to be a
dynamic period, during which Earth experienced vastly different conditions. Geologic …

Kimberlite magmatism has occurred in cratonic regions on every continent. The global age
distribution suggests that this form of mantle melting has been more prominent after 1.2 Ga …

Subduction is the main process that recycles surface material into the mantle. Fluids and
melts derived by dehydration and partial melting reactions of subducted continental crust, a …

Volcanoes are the main pathway to the surface for volatiles that are stored within the Earth.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is of particular interest because of its potential for climate forcing …