Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have important roles in tumour development, relapse and
metastasis; the intrinsic self-renewal characteristics and tumorigenic properties of these cells …

Cellular heterogeneity represents one of the greatest challenges in cancer therapeutics. In
many malignancies, this heterogeneity is generated during tumor evolution through a …

Accumulating data suggest that metastatic dissemination often occurs early during tumour
formation, but the mechanisms of early metastatic spread have not yet been addressed …

Abstract CD44/CD24 and ALDH1 are widely used cancer stem cell (CSC) markers in breast
cancer. However, their expression is not always consistent even in the same subtype of …

Previous studies have suggested that breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) mediate metastasis,
are resistant to radiation and chemotherapy, and contribute to relapse. Although several …

Circulating tumour cells in women with advanced oestrogen-receptor (ER)-positive/human
epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer acquire a HER2-positive …

Background Lapatinib (L) plus trastuzumab (T) improves outcomes for metastatic human
epidermal growth factor 2–positive breast cancer and increases the pathologic complete …

Both hereditary and sporadic breast cancer are suggested to develop from a stem cell
subcomponent retaining most key stem cell properties but with dysregulation of self-renewal …

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the major components of the tumor
microenvironment. They may drive tumor progression, although the mechanisms involved …

Growth factors mediate their diverse biologic responses (regulation of cellular proliferation,
differentiation, migration and survival) by binding to and activating cell-surface receptors …