Sex/gender effects have been demonstrated for multiple aspects of addiction, with one of the
most commonly cited examples being the “telesco** effect” where women meet criteria …

Addictive drugs have in common that they target the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA)
system. This system originates in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and projects mainly to the …

System xc‐is an amino acid antiporter that typically mediates the exchange of extracellular l‐
cystine and intracellular l‐glutamate across the cellular plasma membrane. Studied in a …

Addictive drugs have in common that they are voluntarily self-administered by laboratory
animals (usually avidly) and that they enhance the functioning of the reward circuitry of the …

Alcohol-dependent patients commonly show impairments in executive functions that
facilitate craving and can lead to relapse. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to …

Multiple cannabinoids derived from the marijuana plant have potential therapeutic benefits
but most have not been well investigated, despite the widespread legalization of medical …

Background Glial cells of the central nervous system directly influence neuronal activity by
releasing neuroactive small molecules, including glutamate. Long-lasting cocaine-induced …

Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disorder. Multiple neural networks in the brain
including the reward system (eg, the mesocorticolimbic system), the anti-reward/stress …

Drug addiction is widely recognized to afflict some but not all individuals by virtue of
underlying risk markers and traits involving multifaceted interactions between polygenic and …

Historically, most pharmacological approaches to the treatment of addictive disorders have
utilized either substitution-based methods (ie, nicotine replacement or opioid maintenance) …