Humans are exposed to nanoscopical nanobiovectors (eg coronavirus SARS-CoV-2) as
well as abiotic metal/carbon-based nanomaterials that enter cells serendipitously or …

Hemagglutinin (HA) is most abundant glycoprotein on the influenza virus surface. Influenza
HA promotes viral entry by engaging the receptor and mediating virus–host membrane …

The globally circulating H5N8 avian influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3. 4.4 b
hemagglutinin (HA) gene are responsible for the loss of more than 33 million domestic …

Influenza viruses need to use sialic acid receptors to invade host cells, and the α-2, 3 and α-
2, 6 sialic acids glycosidic bonds linking the terminal sialic acids are generally considered to …

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally, spilling over into domestic poultry and
causing zoonotic infections in humans. Fortunately, AIVs are not yet capable of causing …

We have surveyed avian influenza virus (AIV) genomes from live poultry markets within
China since 2014. Here we present a total of 16,091 samples that were collected from May …

Through annual epidemics and global pandemics, influenza A viruses (IAVs) remain a
significant threat to human health as the leading cause of severe respiratory disease. Within …

Influenza is a global challenge, and future pandemics of influenza are inevitable. One of the
lessons learned from past pandemics is that all pandemic influenza viruses characterized to …

Hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein is an important focus of influenza research due to its role in
antigenic drift and shift, as well as its receptor binding and membrane fusion functions …

H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally in poultry and have become the
dominant AIV subtype in China in recent years. Previously, we demonstrated that the H9N2 …