The year 2015 was special for climate scientists, particularly for the El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) research community, as a major El Niño finally materialized after a long …

Extensive research has improved our understanding and forecast of the occurrence,
evolution and global impacts of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, ENSO …

A new Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) is presented. This new approach
consists of sifting an ensemble of white noise-added signal (data) and treats the mean as …

The Tropical Ocean‐Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program sought to determine the
predictability of the coupled ocean‐atmosphere system. The World Climate Research …

The ENSO observing system in the tropical Pacific plays an important role in monitoring
ENSO and hel** improve the understanding and prediction of ENSO. Occurrence of …

We attempt to construct a logical framework for the deciphering of the physical processes
that determine the interannual variability of the coupled climate system. of particular interest …

A number of recent studies have reported an ENSO-like EOF mode in the global sea surface
temperature (SST) field, whose time variability is marked by an abrupt change toward a …

Surface observations and subsurface ocean assimilation datasets are examined to contrast
two distinct types of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the tropical Pacific: an eastern …

Subtle but important differences are identified between the 1997/1998 and 2015/2016
extreme El Niños that reflect fundamental differences in their underlying dynamics. The …

A new conceptual model for ENSO has been constructed based upon the positive feedback
of tropical ocean–atmosphere interaction proposed by Bjerknes as the growth mechanism …