Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors that detect a wide variety of
microbial pathogens for the initiation of host defense immunological responses. Thirteen …

Studies of DNA vaccines have shown that understanding the mechanism of DNA vaccine-
mediated action is the key for vaccine development. Current knowledge has shown the …

Research on the innate immunity has accelerated over the last decades. The main reason
for this has been the discovery of receptors recognizing danger molecules from pathogens …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the most extensively researched pattern recognition
receptors (PRRs) and play an important role in the innate immune system. In this study …

Background In the host innate immune system, various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and represent an …

Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is the causative agent of visceral granulomas disease (VGD)
in large yellow croaker (LYC, Larimichthys crocea) farming. However, multi-antibiotic …

Cromileptes altivelis (humpback grouper) is the main farmed species in the southern coastal
area of China owing to its important economic value. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) belongs to …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the most important innate immune receptors, which
recognize various pathogen-associated molecular patterns and activate the downstream …

Toll like receptor (TLR) 5 and 9 are important members of the TLR family that play key roles
in innate immunity in all vertebrates. In this study, paTLR5 and paTLR9 were identified in …

Mastacembelus armatus, also known as the zigzag eel, is an economically important
species of freshwater fish that is very popular with consumers as a high-grade table fish in …