The ability to study cellular physiology using photosensitive, genetically encoded molecules
has profoundly transformed neuroscience. The modern optogenetic toolbox includes …

At the base of axons sits a unique compartment called the axon initial segment (AIS). The
AIS generates and shapes the action potential before it is propagated along the axon …

The output of cortical columns is routed to different downstream targets via distinct pathways:
cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical. It is as yet unclear what roles these pathways play in …

Both observational and perturbational technologies are essential for advancing the
understanding of brain function and dysfunction. But while observational techniques have …

Cell type–specific expression of optogenetic molecules allows temporally precise
manipulation of targeted neuronal activity. Here we present a toolbox of four knock-in mouse …

Neurons display extreme degrees of polarization, including compartment-specific organelle
morphology. In cortical, long-range projecting, pyramidal neurons (PNs), dendritic …

Genetically encoded, single-component optogenetic tools have made a significant impact on
neuroscience, enabling specific modulation of selected cells within complex neural tissues …

Optogenetic tools have provided a new way to establish causal relationships between brain
activity and behaviour in health and disease. Although no animal model captures human …

Neurons are highly polarized cells that face the fundamental challenge of
compartmentalizing a vast and diverse repertoire of proteins in order to function properly …

Optogenetic technologies employ light to control biological processes within targeted cells in
vivo with high temporal precision. Here, we show that application of molecular trafficking …