While the importance of mutualisms across the tree of life is recognized, it is not understood
why some organisms evolve high levels of dependence on mutualistic partnerships, while …

Insect galls are dramatic examples of extended phenotypes: although composed of host
plant tissues, their development is largely controlled by insect genes. Adaptive explanations …

It is thought that speciation in phytophagous insects is often due to colonization of novel host
plants, because radiations of plant and insect lineages are typically asynchronous. Recent …

▪ Abstract Parasitoid wasps have evolved a wide spectrum of developmental interactions
with hosts. In this review we synthesize and interpret results from the phylogenetic …

▪ Abstract In the two decades since Janzen described how to be a fig, more than 200 papers
have appeared on fig wasps (Agaonidae) and their host plants (Ficus spp., Moraceae). Fig …

The intimate mutualism between fig wasps and figs has long captivated biologists, and new
phylogenies are now uncovering its evolutionary history. Fig-pollinating wasps evolved just …

Mutualisms are ubiquitous in nature despite the widely held view that they are unstable
interactions. Models predict that mutualists might often evolve into parasites, can abandon …

The obligate pollination mutualism between yuccas (Agavaceae) and yucca moths
(Lepidoptera, Prodoxidae), in which the adult moth pollinates yucca flowers and her progeny …

Over the past decade a proliferation of research has enriched and dramatically altered our
understanding of the biology of figs, their pollinator wasps, and the myriad of other …

Symbiotic associations are not only ubiquitous in nature, but they also play fundamental
roles in ecology and evolution. This paper discusses symbiosis with regards to the fitness …