There is no argument to the fact that insect herbivores cause significant losses to plant
productivity in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. To counter this continuous …

Phenylpropanoids are a large class of plant secondary metabolites derived from aromatic
amino acids phenylalanine in most plants or tyrosine in partial monocots. It mainly includes …

Flavonoids are small molecular secondary metabolites synthesized by plants with various
biological activities. Due to their physical and biochemical properties, they are capable of …

Plants respond to herbivory through various morphological, biochemicals, and molecular
mechanisms to counter/offset the effects of herbivore attack. The biochemical mechanisms of …

One of the most important global problems is protecting crops from insects. For the control of
insects, synthetic chemicals are continuously used, and their toxicity endangers health of …

Higher plants synthesize an amazing diversity of phenolic secondary metabolites. Phenolics
are defined secondary metabolites or natural products because, originally, they were …

Anthocyanins are natural colorants which have raised a growing interest due to their
extensive range of colours, innocuous and beneficial health effects. Despite the great …

Advances in the flavonoid field have been nothing short of spectacular over the last 20
years. While the medical field has noticed flavonoids for their potential antioxidant …

Plant phenolics are secondary metabolites that encompass several classes structurally
diverse of natural products biogenetically arising from the shikimate-phenylpropanoids …

Flavonoids occur widely in plants and are a biologically major and chemically diverse group
of secondary metabolites that can be divided into subgroups including anthocyanidins …