The organic cation transporters (OCTs) OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, novel OCT (OCTN) 1, OCTN2,
multidrug and toxin exclusion (MATE) 1, and MATE kidney-specific 2 are polyspecific …

Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps have come to prominence in human and veterinary
pathogenesis because they help bacteria protect themselves against the antimicrobials …

Drug efflux pumps play a key role in drug resistance and also serve other functions in
bacteria. There has been a growing list of multidrug and drug-specific efflux pumps …

Nitrate is a primary nutrient for plant growth, but its levels in soil can fluctuate by several
orders of magnitude. Previous studies have identified Arabidopsis NRT1. 1 as a dual-affinity …

The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) represents the largest group of secondary active
membrane transporters, and its members transport a diverse range of substrates. Recent …

In human cells, cytosolic citrate is a chief precursor for the synthesis of fatty acids,
triacylglycerols, cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. Cytosolic citrate further regulates …

The hydrosulphide ion (HS−) and its undissociated form, hydrogen sulphide (H2S), which
are believed to have been critical to the origin of life on Earth, remain important in …

Mrp systems are a novel and broadly distributed type of monovalent cation/proton antiporter
of bacteria and archaea. Monovalent cation/proton antiporters are membrane transport …

Nitrate (NO 3−) is one of the most important sources of mineral nitrogen, which also serves
as a key signaling molecule for plant growth and development. To cope with nitrate …

Enterococci are commensal bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract of humans, animals, and
insects. They are also found in soil, water, and plant ecosystems. The presence of …