Cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the
treatment of advanced cancers. However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) functions as a …

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy—chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, and
preeclampsia—are uniquely challenging as the pathology and its therapeutic management …

Hypoalbuminemia is associated with inflammation. Despite being addressed repeatedly in
the literature, there is still confusion regarding its pathogenesis and clinical significance …

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) represents a growth factor with important pro-
angiogenic activity, having a mitogenic and an anti-apoptotic effect on endothelial cells …

Pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction arise from disorders of placental development and
have some shared mechanistic features. Initiation is often rooted in the maldevelopment of a …

Atherosclerosis is a multifocal alteration of the vascular wall of medium and large arteries
characterized by a local accumulation of cholesterol and non-resolving inflammation …

Angiogenesis, or the formation of new capillary blood vessels, occurs primarily during
human development and reproduction; however, aberrant regulation of angiogenesis is also …

Preeclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy where it affects 5–8% of all
pregnancies. It increases the morbidity and mortality of both the fetus and pregnant woman …

Five vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) ligands (VEGF-A,-B,–C,-D, and
placental growth factor [PlGF]) constitute the VEGF family. VEGF-A binds VEGF receptors 1 …

Each follicle represents the basic functional unit of the ovary. From its very initial stage of
development, the follicle consists of an oocyte surrounded by somatic cells. The oocyte …