Behavioral testing constitutes the primary method to measure the emotional states of
nonhuman animals in preclinical research. Emerging as the characteristic tool of the …

There is an urgent need to develop more effective treatments for stress-related illnesses,
which include depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety. We view animal …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive and disabling neurodegenerative
disorder. The prevalence of PD has risen considerably over the past decades. A growing …

In drug discovery and development, traditional assessment of human patients and
preclinical subjects occurs at limited time points in potentially stressful surroundings (ie, the …

Simple Summary The 3Rs principle refers to three concepts: Replacement, Reduction and
Refinement. These principles should be taken into consideration during the planning and …

Play fighting, the most commonly reported form of social play, involves competition to gain
an advantage (Aldis, 1975), but there are two features that make it different from serious …

Background Rodents have been employed in modern scientific research from the 17th
century. However, in the early period of experimental science, scientists often had scarce …

The IntelliCage is an automated home-cage system that allows researchers to investigate
the spontaneous behavior and learning abilities of group-housed mice. The IntelliCage …

Quantifying emotional aspects of animal behavior (eg, anxiety, social interactions, reward,
and stress responses) is a major focus of neuroscience research. Because manual scoring …

Cognitive decline is a debilitating aspect of aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as
Alzheimer's disease are closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, increased …