Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

Background The gastrointestinal peptide hormone ghrelin was discovered in 1999 as the
endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Increasing evidence …

Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analog, induces weight loss, lowers
glucose levels, and reduces cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes. Mechanistic …

The complex bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain is finely
orchestrated by different systems, including the endocrine, immune, autonomic, and enteric …

Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog marketed for the treatment of type 2
diabetes. Besides lowering blood glucose, liraglutide also reduces body weight. It is not fully …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain and maintains neuronal homeostasis. BBB
properties can vary between brain regions to support regional functions, yet how BBB …

The central nervous system (CNS) receives information from afferent neurons, circulating
hormones, and absorbed nutrients and integrates this information to orchestrate the actions …

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the main cause of female infertility worldwide and
corresponds with a high degree of comorbidities and economic burden. How PCOS is …

Astrocytes, microglia, and tanycytes play active roles in the regulation of hypothalamic
feeding circuits. These non-neuronal cells are crucial in determining the functional …

During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly
vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities …